Valvular Heart Disease – Improper Blood Circulation
Any dysfunction or abnormality of any one or more of the heart’s four valves is called valvular heart disease. Aortic valve, mitral valve tricuspid and pulmonary or bicuspid valve is the four valves of the heart which lie at the exit of the four chambers of the heart. When the ventricles are full, the mitral valve and the tricuspid valve shuts and prevents the backward flow of the blood into the atria. When the ventricles contract, the pulmonary and the tricuspid valves are forced to open to pump out the blood out of the ventricles to the pulmonary artery, aorta, lungs and to the other parts of the body. Aortic and pulmonary valve shuts when the ventricles relax and prevents the backward flow of blood to the ventricles. Thus it makes sure that the blood always flows freely in a forward direction and there is no backward flow of the blood.
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Types of valvular disease are broadly classified in to two types.
Valvular stenosis: All four valves can become stenotic, that is they become hard and so the conditions are called mitral stenosis, aortic stenosis, pulmonic stenosis and tricuspid stenosis. Due to stenosis the opening of the valves become smaller than the normal and this narrowed opening makes the heart to work harder to pump the blood through it. So it may lead to heart failure also.
Valvular insufficiency: This results due to incompetence of the valves to close tightly or properly. When the valve is not sealed properly there is a chance of blood leakage and the heart should work hard to pump the blood to other parts of the body. Due to backward flow of blood, there will be less amount of blood to the other parts of the body. So depending upon the valves it’s called as tricuspid regurgitation, pulmonary regurgitation, aortic regurgitation, and mitral regurgitation.
Valvular disease is mostly congenital. Sometimes it’s also acquired during the life time. Congenital valve disease mostly affects aortic or pulmonary valve. By birth, the size of the valves may be wrong or it may be malformed with leaflets which do not attach to the annulus properly. Sometimes instead of three leaflets there may be only two and without the third leaflet the valve may not be able to open or close properly. Acquired valve diseases are the disease of the valve which was acquired during once lifetime due to a variety of infections or diseases including rheumatic fever or endocarditis. Both the infections are due to bacterial attack and it causes problems with mitral valve. Bacterial infection spread and it may inflame the valve making the leaflets to stick with each other and turns thick. This leads to mitral regurgitation and sometimes makes holes in the valve. Mitral valve prolapsed is the common condition. Here the leaflets of the mitral valve flop back into the left atrium during the heart’s contraction.
Shortness of breath, palpitations, weakness, rapid weight gain and swelling of ankles are the common symptoms of valvular diseases. Echocardiography, angiogram, magnetic resonance imaging, cardiac catheterization and transesophageal echocardiography are diagnostic tests done for valvular diseases.
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