Diabetes Mellitus - There Are Several Types
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion, action or both. Diabetes is a metabolic disorder where in human body does not produce or properly uses insulin, a hormone that is required to convert sugar, starches and the other food in to energy. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by constant high levels of blood glucose. Human body has to maintain the blood glucose level at a very narrow range, which is done with insulin and glucagon. The function of glucagon is causing the liver to release glucose from its cells into the blood, for the production of energy.
There are three types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) found in 10% of the people with diabetes. It was formerly called juvenile onset diabetes. Autoimmunity is a major mechanism in the causation of IDDM. Antibodies to the pancreatic islets develop where insulin is made, and the islets are ultimately destroyed. Insulin cannot be produced as a result and external insulin sources are required. A genetic susceptibility to viral infection may be another mechanism causing IDDM. Type 2 diabetes is non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), the most common type, found in about 90% of those with diabetes. Formerly, called as Mature Onset Diabetes, because the majority of patients are diagnosed in adulthood. While NIDDM patients retain some insulin secretion from the pancreas, their blood glucose regulation is disturbed and they may exhibit other metabolic abnormalities. Obesity is common in patients with NIDDM. Secondary diabetes mellitus is present in patients in whom other health problems like disease of the pancreas or overactive states of other hormone-producing glands such as the adrenals or pituitary have caused interference with insulin secretion or impairment of the actions of insulin. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) only affects pregnant women and tends to develop in later pregnancy. The factors that cause gestational diabetes to develop are not completely known. The placenta contains hormones to nourish the fetus and allows glucose to reach the fetus. Gestational diabetes involves a condition called insulin resistance, which results in the production of hormones that block insulin from reaching the placenta.
Age, poor diet, stress, sex, hypertension, obesity, infection are the common cause of diabetes mellitus. IN IDDM, nausea, vomiting are considered to be the primary symptom. In later stages, breaking down of muscles tissue called ketoacidosis occurs leading to weight loss. In advanced stages coma and death is witnessed. In NIDDM, increased fatigue, polydipsia, polyuria, polyphegia are the most common symptom seen. Weight reduction, blurred vision, irritability and poor wound healing symptoms can be seen in later stages.
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The aim of diabetic treatment is to control the blood sugar level. This is accomplished by balancing the type and amount of food eaten with the limited amount of insulin available. Diabetic patients must follow a specific eating plan, which is a healthy way of eating, combining all the essential food groups. For many, diet alone will control the disease, but for many others medications are also required. Insulin must be injected beneath the skin because digestive enzymes make it unavailable from the gastrointestinal tract if taken orally. Oral medication with insulin is the most prevalent medication for controlling diabetes mellitus.
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